http://alsaindonesia.org/site/status-anak-luar-kawin-pasca-putusan-mahkamah-agung/

SEPTEMBER 2012

Contributor: Maya Wira Yanuarsari - ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Jember 

PENDAHULUAN

Keberadaan anak dalam keluarga merupakan sesuatu yang sangat berarti. Anak  memiliki arti yang berbeda-beda bagi setiap orang. Anak merupakan penyambung keturunan, sebagai investasi masa depan, dan anak merupakan harapan untuk menjadi sandaran di kala usia lanjut. Ia dianggap sebagai modal untuk meninggkatkan peringkat hidup sehingga dapat mengontrol status social orang tua.

Anak merupakan pemegang keistimewaan orang tua, waktu orang tua masih  hidup, anak sebagai penenang dan sewaktu orang tua telah meninggal, anak adalah lambang penerus dan lambang keabadian. Anak mewarisi tanda-tanda kesamaan dengan  orang tuanya, termasuk ciri khas, baik maupun buruk, tinggi, maupun rendah. Anak adalah belahan jiwa dan potongan daging orang tuanya. Begitu  pentingnya eksistensi anak dalam kehidupan manusia, maka Allah SWT  mensyari’atkan adanya perkawinan.Pensyari’atan perkawinan memiliki tujuan antara lain untuk berketurunan (memiliki anak) yang baik, memelihara nasab, menghindarkan diri dari  penyakit dan menciptakan kaluarga yang sakinah.

PEMBAHASAN

UU Perkawinan menyatakan bahwa anak yang lahir diluar kawin hanya mempunyai hubungan perdata dengan ibunya dan keluarga ibunya saja. Artinya, si anak tidak mempunyai hubungan hukum terhadap ayahnya, baik yang berkenaan dengan biaya kehidupan dan pendidikannya maupun warisan. Bagi mereka yang tunduk kepada hukum perdata, atas persetujuan ibu, seorang bapak dapat melakukan Pengakuan Anak. Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK) menegaskan putusan pengujian Pasal 43 ayat (1) UU No 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan yang menyatakan anak luar nikah tidak hanya memiliki hubungan hukum dengan ibunya, tetapi juga mempunyai hubungan hukum dengan ayah biologis, hanya untuk melindungi status anak luar kawin yang tidak berdosa.  Dalam putusan MK itu, MK hanya fokus pada perlindungan anak luar kawin yang tidak berdosa itu selama ini mengalami stigmatisasi tanpa ayahnya. Sehingga tidak adanya pelindung dan penanggung jawab terhadap tumbuh kembangnya anak itu secara wajar dalam masyarakat melalui pendidikan.

Pengakuan Anak merupakan pengakuan yang dilakukan oleh bapak atas anak yang lahir di luar perkawinan yang sah menurut hukum. Pada dasarnya, pengakuan anak bisa dilakukan baik oleh ibu maupun bapak, tetapi karena berdasarkan UU No.1/1974 pasal 43 yang pada intinya menyatakan bahwa anak yang lahir di luar perkawinan tidak mempunyai hubungan perdata dengan ayahnya, maka untuk mendapatkan hubungan perdata yang baru, seorang ayah dapat melakukan Pengakuan Anak.

Meski ada ketentuan yang memungkinkan seorang laki-laki atau bapak melakukan pengakuan anak, namun pengakuan itu hanya bisa dilakukan dengan persetujuan ibu. Pasal 284 KUH Perdata menyatakan bahwa suatu pengakuan terhadap anak luar kawin, selama hidup ibunya, tidak akan diterima jika si ibu tidak menyetujui. Pasal 278 KUH Pidanapun mengatur tentang ancaman pidana bagi orang yang mengakui anak luar kawin yang bukan anaknya.

Ketentuan mengenai pengakuan anak luar kawin diatur dalam KUH Perdata:

Pengakuan anak luar kawin bisa dilakukan bilamana anak luar kawin yang dimaksud adalah akibat adanya hubungan seorang laki-laki dan perempuan yang statusnya adalah:

KESIMPULAN

http://alsaindonesia.org/site/statelessnes-in-sinking-island-states-as-an-impact-of-climate-change/

SEPTEMBER 2012

Contributor: Raditya Pratamandika Putra - ALSA LC Universitas Padjajaran

The issue of climate change has been a great discussion among the international community of states for the past decade. Many argued, that climate change would raises a serious risk of statelessness in the low – lying island states. The risk of statelessness in the low – lying island states is the new  unprecedented phenomenon under international law.

The whole population of the low-lying island states, such as Tuvalu and Maldives, would be forced to leave their country as an impact of climate change. Moreover the existence of statehood will be at stake as well. The entire population of the affected states will thus be stateless.

Elevation data on the low-lying island states shows their vulnerability. The highest elevation point is 2.4 meters for the Maldives and 5 meters for Tuvalu. The average altitude is far lower, recently known that it is one meter for both Maldives and Tuvalu. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (“IPCC”) stated that “ Sea level rise impacts on the low- lying island states are unavoidable and thus it would gravely affected their sovereignty and existence”. Reportedly, Maldives and Tuvalu could be dissapeard in the next 50 years. Even before this happens, this islands would be uninhabitable due to the lost of clean freshwater, arable land and incidence of diseases such as malaria and diarrhea.

Stateless person , according to Article 1 of the 1954 Convention Relating to The Status of Stateless Person is, “a person who is not considered a national by any state under the operation of its law”. When a state cease to exist therefore there will be no citizenship of that state.

Although until now there are no internationally agreed elements of what constitutes a state, there is a customary rule which governs the elements of states. There must be a defined territory, a government who effectively control that territory, a permanent population, and a capacity to enter into relations with other states. However, those elements or requirements of states applied less strictly once a state is established. The exile of government or loss of territory for a temporary period would not automatically lead to the extinction of the state. The implication is then,  if such situation is permanent. The loss of  all territory has been argued most frequently as a possible ground for loss of statehood. When a statehood cease to exist, the population would be rendered stateless. Until now, the loss of entire population or entire territory of a state is without precedent.

As noted above, the loss of the entire territory of a state is without precedent. Given that island states are recognized as state, the presumption of continuity will apply. As far as the requirements of state could be restored, there will be no question on the continuity of state.

To the extent that statelessness is forseeable, there should be efforts to prevent it. Under general international law there  exists a right to have nationality and a principle to prevent statelessness. Both of these principles have been safeguarded under several international law intruments. The 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelesness is one of the spesific instruments which addres the prevention and reduction of stateless person. Evenmore, the United Nations General Assembly have mandated UNHCR to prevent, reduce, and protect stateless persons.

To prevent the statelessness in the low-lying island states, one option would be the ceding of territory by another state to that affected state. If another state agree that it is the same state, statelessness will not arise. The President of Maldives has reportedly announced plans to buy lands in Sri Lanka and India for the new place for Maldives nationals. Other solution had came from our government, the Government of Indonesia,  who had considered to rent one of our inhabited islands for the climate change refugees. The establishment of a union with another state could be the other option as well.

Regardless all of the above mentioned solutions, the continuity of statehood largely depend on the continued recognition by other states. Where the recognition of states cease, then de jure statelessness will emerge. The only solution for this situation is the acquisition of nationality by a third state. Unfortunately, the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelesness did not furnished any guidance regarding this case. Therefore, a comprehensive multilateral arrangements, based on the principle that statelessness shall be avoided, shall be made to resolve such issue. Such arrangements shall include the provisions on what legal basis affected population would be permitted to move in to the third state and integrate. Such arrangements are necessary to ensure that affected population find a safe new place and to ensure the protection of their right to obtain a nationality.

Reference:

a.    Peter Malanczuk, Modern Introduction to International Law, 7^th ed., (New York: Routledge, 1997)

b.    P. Weis, Nationality and Statelessness in International Law, Second Revised Edition, (Netherlands: Sijthoff and Noordhoff International Publisher B.V., 1979)

c.     The 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, 989 U.N.T.S. 175, entered into force Dec. 13, 1975.

d.    The 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 360 U.N.T.S. 117, entered into force June 6, 1960.

e.    The 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, 165 LNTS 1915, entered into force Dec. 26, 1934.

f.      Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc A/810 at 71 (1948).

g.     http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/regional/513.htm

h.    http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-06-03/indonesias-rent-an-island-answer-to-climate-change/1702492

http://alsaindonesia.org/site/perlindungan-lingkungan-hidup-oleh-badan-usaha-minyak-dan-gas-bumi/

AUGUST 2012

Contributor : Husni Mubarak - ALSA LC Universitas Diponegoro

Pendahuluan

Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa Industri pertambangan sektor Minyak dan Gas Bumi (Migas) memberikan keuntungan ekonomi dan penerimaan negara yang sangat besar bagi Indonesia. Migas merupakan sumber daya alam strategis – yang tidak dapat diperbaharui – dan sebagai sumber energi di negara ini dimana hasil dari pengolahan Migas menjadi Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM) bagi kendaraan bermotor. Di sektor kelistrikan, Migas juga diperlukan dengan ditandai adanya Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Gas.  Dalam lima tahun terakhir, sektor energi dan sumber daya mineral menyumbang rata-rata 20-30% dari total penerimaan negara. Dimana sebagian besarnya ditopang oleh sektor Migas. (http://transparansicepu.pattiro.org,  14 Februari 2012)

Di sisi lain, dampak dari industri Migas adalah masalah keberlangsungan lingkungan hidup. Industri Migas seringkali menjadi masalah utama dalam pencemaran lingkungan. Kegiatan usaha Migas sendiri dibedakan menjadi dua: kegiatan usaha hulu dan kegiatan usaha hilir. Kegiatan usaha hulu meliputi: eksplorasi dan eksploitasi. Sedangkan kegiatan usaha hilir meliputi: pengolahan, pengangkutan, penyimpanan, dan perdagangan.

Industri Migas hulu inilah yang penuh resiko terhadap aspek permasalahan di sektor lingkungan. Dalam kegiatan hulu, terjadi eksplorasi dan eksploitasi Migas di laut lepas. Hal ini yang seringkali menjadi sumber dari pencemaran lingkungan. Merupakan tanggung jawab badan usaha Migas untuk menjaga kelestarian lingkungan setelah melakukan eksplorasi pertambangan. Tanggung jawab terhadap perlindungan lingkungan hidup ini bertujuan untuk melindungi wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI) dan juga keberlangsungan hidup manusia.

Permasalahan Lingkungan dari Migas

Belum lama ini, perusahaan Migas asal Amerika Serikat, Chevron menuai kontroversi. Teknologi produksi Chevron yang menggunakan injeksi bahan kimia di Provinsi  Riau dikhawatirkan mencemari lingkungan.  Teknologi injeksi bahan kimia ini beresiko menimbulkan pencemaran air tanah di akuifer setempat. Resiko yang terdapat adalah faktor kesehatan manusia yang menggunakan air tanah di lokasi dekat pertambangan Migas Chevron. (www.walhi.or.id, 27 Maret 2012). LSM Wahana Lingkungan Hidup (Walhi) dan Jaringan Advokasi Tambang (JATAM) menolak penggunaan injeksi bahan kimia oleh Chevron.

Tahun 2006 kita masih ingat peristiwa semburan Lumpur Lapindo di Porong, Sidoarjo yang hingga hari ini belum juga terselesaikan.  Semburan lumpur panas tersebut diduga diakibatkan aktivitas eksplorasi gas bumi yang dilakukan oleh badan usaha Lapindo Brantas Inc. Kegiatan pengeboran Migas juga bisa berakibat fatal seperti yang terjadi di Sidoarjo.

Aspek Hukum

Dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan di Indonesia telah diatur secara jelas mekanisme ekploitasi dan tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan. Hal ini diatur dalam:

Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2001 Tentang Minyak dan Gas Bumi (UU Migas); Undang-Undang  Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 Tentang Perseroan Terbatas (UU PT); Undang-Undang  Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lingkungan Hidup (UU LH);

Mekanisme eksploitasi dilakukan oleh Badan Usaha Hulu, bukan Hilir. Hal ini adalah di dalam Pasal 5 Ayat UU Migas:

Kegiatan usaha Minyak dan Gas Bumi terdiri atas :

1. Kegiatan Usaha Hulu yang mencakup :

a. Eksplorasi;

b. Eksploitasi.

2. Kegiatan Usaha Hilir yang mencakup :

a. Pengolahan;

b. Pengangkutan;

c. Penyimpanan;

d. Niaga.

Lalu di Pasal 10 UU Migas disebutkan:

(1) Badan Usaha atau Bentuk Usaha Tetap yang melakukan Kegiatan Usaha Hulu dilarang

melakukan Kegiatan Usaha Hilir.

(2) Badan Usaha yang melakukan Kegiatan Usaha Hilir tidak dapat melakukan Kegiatan Usaha Hulu.

Badan Usaha Migas juga memiliki tanggung jawab terkait masalah sosial dan lingkungan hidup. Dalam Pasal 74 Ayat (1) UU PT disebutkan: Perseroan yang menjalankan kegiatan usahanya di bidang dan/atau berkaitan dengan sumber daya alam wajib

melaksanakan Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan.

Tanggung jawab ini merupakan kewajiban dari Badan Usaha Migas, bukan hanya sekedar sukarela belaka. Jika Badan Usaha Migas tidak melaksanakan, maka  akan dikenakan sanksi sesuai Pasal 74 Ayat (3) UU PT: Perseroan yang tidak melaksanakan kewajiban

sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dikenai sanksi sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan.

Lalu hal serupa juga diatur dalam Pasal 87 Ayat (1) UU Lingkungan Hidup: Setiap penanggung jawab usaha dan/atau kegiatan yang melakukan perbuatan melanggar hukum berupa pencemaran dan/atau perusakan lingkungan hidup yang menimbulkan kerugian pada orang lain atau lingkungan hidup wajib membayar ganti rugi dan/atau melakukan tindakan tertentu.

Kesimpulan

Peraturan perundang-Undangan di Indonesia sudah jelas mengatur terkait tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan yang diwajibkan kepada Badan Usaha Migas. Legislasi sudah mengatur hal tersebut, setelah itu berarti harus ada implementasi dari peraturan-peraturan tersebut.

Badan Usaha Migas harus memikirkan aspek lingkungan hidup dan kemanfaatan untuk manusia selain memikirkan keuntungan ekonomi semata. Melalui pelaksanaan program tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan, diharapkan perusahaan Migas khususnya di sektor hulu mempunyai “etika” dalam melakukan tindakan bisnis. Melakukan eksplorasi dan eksploitasi Migas tanpa melupakan kelestarian lingkungan dan keberlangsungan hidup umat manusia. Jika ada Badan Usaha Migas yang terbukti bersalah atas pencemaran lingkungan, maka harus berani bertanggung jawab dan mengganti kerugian.

Alam dan lingkungan hidup yang sehat adalah dambaan setiap umat manusia. Cara merawat lingkungan hidup dapat terwujud karena peran manusia pula. Manusia yang akan membuat  lingkungan dan alam menjadi rusak atau lestari. Manusia dan perusahaan dalam hal ini sektor Migas sama-sama berperan untuk merawat dan melindungi lingkungan hidup. Minimal, badan usaha Migas mampu meminimalisasi pencemaran lingkungan akibat dampak dari eksplorasi demi terciptanya  environmental sustainability.

Referensi

Industri Minyak dan Gas Bumi dan Kelestarian Lingkungan Hidup, http://noanggie.wordpress.com/2008/04/22/industri-migas-dan-gas-bumi-dan-kelestarian-lingkungan-hidup/,  22 April 2008

Tanggung Jawab Pasca Tambang pada Industri Ekstraktif Migas, http://transparansicepu.pattiro.org/?p=704, 14 April 2012-

 Pencemaran Lingkungan: Teknologi Produksi Chevron Dikhawatirkan Mencemari Lingkungan, http://www.walhi.or.id/id/ruang-media/walhi-di-media/berita-tambang-a-energi/2343-pencemaran-lingkungan-teknologi-produksi-chevron-dikhawatirkan-mencemari-lingkungan.html, 27 Maret 2012

Undang-Undang

Undang-Undang            Nomor 22 Tahun 2001 Tentang Minyak dan Gas Bumi

Undang-Undang            Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 Tentang Perseroan Terbatas

Undang-Undang             Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lingkungan Hidup

http://alsaindonesia.org/site/corruption-and-indonesia/

AUGUST 2012

Contributor: Pratiwi Beguna Halim - ALSA LC Universitas Sriwijaya

“Korupsi bukanlah tanda bahwa Negara kuat dan serakah. Korupsi adalah sebuah privatisasi– tapi yang selingkuh. Kekuasaan sebagai amanat publik telah diperdagangkan sebagai milik pribadi, dan akibatnya ia hanya merepotkan, tapi tanpa kewibawaan.”

― Goenawan Mohamad, Catatan Pinggir 7

Corruption is a product of the attitudes of the community groups that use money as a standard of the truth and the absolute powers. As a result, the corruptor become rich and corrupt politicians that surplus money can go into the ruling elite and highly respected. They will also occupy a high social status in the eyes of society.

Corruption has been a long time, since the days of ancient Egypt, Babylon, and Rome through the Middle Ages to the present. Corruption occurs in many countries, not least in developed countries though. In the United States themselves, there are already so advanced corruption practices. Conversely, in a primitive society where social bonds are very strong and effective social control, corruption is relatively rare. But with the development of economic and political sectors as well as the more advanced development efforts with the opening of the new natural resources, the stronger urges the individuals, especially among employees for corruption and fraud attempts. Corruption starts with the urgency of development efforts is desired, while the slow bureaucratic relative process, so that any person or entity wanting a quick shortcut to provide the rewards by giving kickbacks (bribes).

This practice will take place continuously throughout the lack of control of the government and society, so that the resulting class of employees that include newly rich person who enrich themselves (material ambitions). In order to achieve national development objectives, then inevitably that corruption must be eradicated as it happened recently, which was sticking out corruption in the community is how an honour governor of the Police Academy  to be a suspect in a corruption Sim’s simulator  that is worth tens of billions of rupiahs, Djoko Susilo. A fantastic figure to be distributed to the beggar who was tipped his hand to dozens of people to survive. KPK investigators ensnare Djoko with second and  third clauses of Law No. 31/1999 on the Eradication of Corruption because of misuse of authority to enrich themselves.

How embarrassing! One word that might occur in our minds. How can an educated and respectable person injure the trust. we need to look into another country, china, who did not hesitate to reduce the number of corruption with the penalty kill such as poisonous snakes in seconds turn off the joints. With the method of proof reversed, although looks complicated at the beginning but the end of the result makes clucking. Does not the statue Number 31 / 1999 jo No. 20 of 2001 made clear that corruption is a criminal offense exceptional (extraordinary crime) so that necessary actions are exceptional (extraordinary measures) ?

Of the things that examined backward. There is an idea of what kind of proof of corruption corresponding inverse is Reversed Burden of Balanced Probability of Principles of Oliver Stolpe. The essence of this theory emphasizes the balances between protection proportionately of individual liberty on the one hand, and deprivation of the rights of the individual ownership of his property that allegedly came from corruption on the other. In this context, the position of human rights perpetrators placed in the highest using the theory of Highest Probability Principles Balanced who continue to use System of Proof under the Act Negatively or by the principle beyond reasonable doubt. Then at the same time on one particular side of the reverse burden of proof can be carried out on assets used for corruption theory of Lower Probability of Principles. In practice, the application of this theory in the criminal act of corruption have been made by the Hong Kong High Court in a case between the Attorney General Of Hong Kong v Lee Kwang Kut and the Case of the Attorney General of Hong Kong v Hui Kin Hong and the Supreme Court of India. However, the ban means for establishing the reverse is only valid and applicable in the case of criminal prosecution (including corruption), but does not apply in civil or mechanisms for establishing of non-criminal proceeding. In this connection there is no ban on to use of the mechanism of reversed burden of proof in cases of property derived from criminal acts of corruption (assets from corruption).

The use of the mechanism of reversed burden of proof in the case of a person ownership of property that allegedly came from the corruption or money laundering is intended to put a person in its original state before the property in question has meant to which the question must be able to prove the origin of the acquired assets. Now, it is up to the legislative policy to select to choose the best way for us, Indonesia.

http://alsaindonesia.org/site/good-governance-the-key-to-achieve-indonesia-prosperity/

AUGUST 2012

Contributor: Raihan Adhitama - ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Gadjah Mada

It has been 66 years that Indonesia obtained its freedom. A long journey of building a republic that is marked with challenges and problems have rather becomes an obstacle for the advancement and development of Indonesia. One of the most important criteria in developing and advancing a country is the success of its government to set up a well-organized government. Speaking of well-organized government, there are some elements within it; which are bureaucratic reformation and good governance. Those elements are also the main concept for the national and state improvement of Indonesia.

Reflecting at the history of bureaucracy structuring in Indonesia, it’s still remain, nonetheless, a serious issue for Indonesia. Indiscipline civil servants, poor public service, lack of transparency, and corrupt government officials are some issues that the government has to deal with from one period to another. Those issues have rather become a great challenge for each period of leadership that needs to be solved.

The momentum for reformation in Indonesia came in 1998 which was marked by the fall of Soeharto’s regime, which was well-known for its corruptive and authoritarian government, and it became a great opportunity for Indonesia to develop a democratic government that ensures discretion for its people. In this new era, many concepts came up -which the point is- to improve the bureaucracy and governance of Indonesia, creating a better law system and keeping the country clean from corruptions; thus, in this era many legal products appeared, such as Act Number 31 Year 1999 regarding Eradication of Corruption Crime which was amended with Act Number 20 Year 2001 regarding Eradication of Corruption Crime and also Act Number 28 Year 1999 regarding State Enforcement Free and Clean From Corruption, Collusion, and Nepotism. These are some legal products that were enacted during the beginning of reformation era which were expected to improve Indonesia’s condition and creating a clean and accountable government. Also in this era, Corruption Eradication Commission was established, which its main purpose is to solve the corruption issue in Indonesia.

The reformation era, which has been running for 14 years, is still unable to solve the issues that have been mentioned before. Legal products and various concepts that came up at the beginning of this era haven’t been applied optimally, the good governance principle which was stated in Act Number 28 Year 1999 also hasn’t been applied effectively, law enforcement also became a problem that’s always criticized and considered poorly by the people of Indonesia and world. These issues occurred, presumably, due to the lack of leadership in Indonesia during the reformation era; not only from the president himself, but also from his subordinates. The condition became worse due to poor performance of our legislative body, which was followed by the poor image of our law enforcer, completed the whole commotion.

Facing a situation like this, Indonesia has to analyze and solve these problems immediately as soon as possible to ensure a better state life for its people. The spirit that appeared at the beginning of the reformation has to be revived. The question now, is that whether we have to return to the starting point itself or not in order to solve these issues. To answer that, we have to analyze and identify the current issues. First, the thing that must be taken into account is that the leader of Indonesia must have a strong will and commitment; therefore, the leader has to be sure of him/herself and the people around him/her, that they are “clean”. Second, is to create or revise the existing laws/rules that related to law enforcing and good governing and also to ensure that these rules are applied effectively. Third, is to create a strong and effective government which consisted of people with high integrity. Fourth, is to support law enforcement and to improve law enforcement institutions. These four basic points could be considered as the answer for law enforcement issue in Indonesia due to its corruptive government officials and poor performance.

Application of Effective Good Governance

The poor performance of government due to corruptions and poor public service are an issue that’s not only faced by Indonesia, but also by other countries; Korea and China could be taken as an example, from which we’ll examine the actions they have taken to apply a good governance. South Korea, which nowadays we can see as an advance industrial country, cannot be separated from the success of administrative reformation that has been conducted from 1980 up until now. General Chun Doo Wan as the fifth President of Republic of Korea had put a number of pillars for administrative reformation through Civil Servant Ethics Act, Social Purification Movement, Civil Servant Consciousness Reform Movement, Retired Civil Servant Employment Control, Civil Servant Property Registration, and Civil Servant Gifts Control.

The administrative reformation itself was carried as a primary national politic agenda during the period of Rho Taw Woo (1988-1993) by conducting deregulation and simplification, central government restructuration, strengthening administrative reformation commission, and transparency to public. During the period of Kim Young Sam (1993-1998), administrative reformation was carried by establishing Presidential Administrative Renovation Commission and creating a government that is clean and trim, but strong, democratic, efficient, and close to public by reforming the government administration procedure. During the period of President Kim Dae Jung (1998-2003), administrative reformation in South Korea was carried on through the motto of “People’s Government”. Restructuration of central government was conducted by diminishing 16 offices, 74 bureaus, 136 departments, and 146 government commissions. As much as 16% of civil servant was diminished until 2001.

Next, President Rho Moo Hyun since 2003 focused the administrative reformation on participatory government by forming Reform the Presidential Committee on Government Innovation and Decentralization movement. In the last phase, administrative reformation was conducted by increasing the autonomy of local government and application of communication and information technology in governing and public service (e-government).

Furthermore, we can see China that conducted bureaucracy reformation in order to create good governance. Deng Xiaoping, in 1982, proclaimed administrative reformation as backbone for nation’s advancement. In his speech in front of national congress of Communist Party in 1982, Deng stated “Streamlining organization is a matter of great importance. In fact, it constitutes a revolution. If we fail to carry out this revolution, if we let the present over-staffed and overlapping party and state organization stay as they are, without clearly defined duties, and with many incompetent, irresponsible, lethargic, undereducated, and inefficient staff member, we ourselves will not be satisfied and we will not have the support of lower cadre, much less of the people.” What was stated by Deng is not merely a political rhetoric, because in 1983 the numbers of ministry, department, and other government institution were trimmed from 100 to 61. As many as 30.000 cadres, who were active in bureaucracy, were pensioned off early.

China economic development that we witness nowadays didn’t come in a sudden, but very affected by administrative reformation that was carried by Deng Xiaoping in 1982, 1988, and 1992. The purpose and focus of administrative reformation in China is to transform the government’s function and to create an administrative structure which is more responsive in economic development. In other words, administrative reformation in China is focusing on an efficient government through restructuration and bureaucracy depoliticization and administration career away from political interest. The whole setting of administrative reformation in China and South Korea shows that transformation to industrial country is highly determined by the commitment and competence for carrying an administrative reformation. Even more, administrative reformation is a prerequisite for the success of the transformation itself.

Then, what should Indonesia do to achieve such success as those two countries have done in creating a well-organized government ? As it has been mentioned before, that Indonesia had the momentum to create a great change in 1998 when the reformation era begun. Act Number 28 Year 1999 also stated the principles for good governance in its article number 3; those principles are: the principle of legal certainty, the principle of orderly organization of the state, the principle of public interest, the principle of openness, the principle of proportionality, the principle of professionalism, and the principle of accountability.

Those principles could be applied in real life practice to fix the system that hasn’t been running properly as it should have been, and we will discuss some of them. The principle of legal certainty could become an essential instrument to be applied if an improvement is done for legal institutions from the police force, prosecutors, Corruption Eradication Commission, and other institutions. This action could be followed by improving the quality of law enforcer’s integrity and recruitment pattern. The principle of public interest, it has to become the government’s concern because the essence is that government is a public servant, therefore all the policies that are issued by government must in accordance with public interest. The principle of openness, this principle could be used as a measure on how government can guarantee transparency on matters that need to be known by the public, so that a trust can be built and public can actively monitor the government itself. The principle of professionalism becomes a principle that cannot be ignored in creating a good government. Performance, quality, and dedication of government officials must also become a main concern, followed by principle of accountability which ensures government must prove itself worthy and accountable to become public servant and do its work.

Those seven principles are considered to be a strong foundation to improve Indonesia’s governing system, to create prosperity within its people and nation if it’s conducted properly and monitored on its application, evaluation on its conduct, and assessment on the achievement of target that has been set by the government, and also to involve the public in monitoring the government’s performance in applying those principles. On the other side, Indonesia must open itself to the success of China and South Korea for not hesitating in performing bureaucracy improvement, and apply it in accordance to the current condition in Indonesia.

There’s many hope for Indonesia to bring prosperity to its people and advance the nation’s condition by carrying out those improvements with optimism and determination.

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